Ocular Manifestations and Prevalence of Hypertensive Retinopathy in a Tertiary CareHospital (Code-T0318)

Introduction: Hypertension is a significant risk factor for systemic vascular complications,
including ocular damage. Hypertensive retinopathy, characterized by retinal microvascular
changes, can serve as an early indicator of cardiovascular risk. Identifying ocular manifestations
in hypertensive patients is crucial for early intervention and prevention of vision-threatening
complications.
Aims and Objectives: The primary aim of this study is to assess the ocular manifestations of
essential hypertension and determine the prevalence of hypertensive retinopathy in a tertiary care
hospital. Secondary objectives include evaluating visual complications associated with
hypertensive retinopathy and emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis to prevent vision
loss.
Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted at Tirunelveli Medical
College over 18 months (June 2023 – December 2024). A total of 170 hypertensive patients aged
≥30 years were included using simple random sampling. Data collection involved detailed
history-taking, blood pressure measurement, and fundus examination using direct and indirect
ophthalmoscopy. Hypertensive retinopathy was graded using the Keith-Wagner classification.
Statistical analysis was performed using MS Excel.
Results: A significant proportion of hypertensive patients exhibited ocular manifestations, with
hypertensive retinopathy being the most common finding. Retinal changes correlated with
increasing severity and duration of hypertension. Early stages of hypertensive retinopathy were
frequently detected, underscoring the need for routine ocular screening.
Conclusion: Hypertension-related ocular changes are prevalent and may provide early clues to
systemic vascular damage. Regular ophthalmologic screening in hypertensive patients can
facilitate early detection, timely intervention, and better systemic and ocular outcomes.
Keywords: Hypertensive retinopathy, essential hypertension, ocular manifestations, fundus
examination, Keith-Wagner grading, retinal microvascular changes.